Identifying Hypothermia and Hyperthermia in the Mountains

Temperature-related conditions are among the most underestimated yet dangerous risks in mountain environments. Even experienced hikers can fail to recognise the early signs of hypothermia or hyperthermia, leading to rapid deterioration and potentially life-threatening situations. Because mountain climates are unpredictable—and because physical effort intensifies both overheating and cooling—understanding these conditions is essential. Learning to identify symptoms early and applying effective first-response measures can prevent emergencies and ensure safer journeys across all seasons.

Key Safety Principles and Common Risks

Hypothermia and hyperthermia represent opposite extremes of temperature imbalance, but both stem from the same issue: the body’s inability to regulate core temperature due to environmental conditions, clothing, hydration or exertion. Mountains expose hikers to rapid weather changes, strong winds, intense sun and significant altitude variations, making both conditions realistic risks even on moderate trails.

Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Wet clothing, wind chill, exhaustion and inadequate layering are the most common triggers. It can develop gradually or suddenly, especially after long pauses, exposure to precipitation, or unexpected overnight conditions.

Hyperthermia, on the other hand, happens when the body overheats. It includes heat exhaustion and, in severe cases, heatstroke. High temperatures, direct sun exposure, poor hydration, heavy clothing or carrying excessive weight can quickly elevate body temperature. Trails with minimal shade, steep ascents and dry climates further amplify the danger.

Both conditions impair cognitive ability, coordination and decision-making—making it crucial for hikers to recognise symptoms early before they escalate.

Practical Advice & Step-by-Step Identification

Recognising Hypothermia

Early signs include:

• Persistent shivering

• Cold, pale skin

• Difficulty concentrating

• Slow or slurred speech

• Clumsiness or poor coordination

• Fatigue or unusual quietness

At more advanced stages:

• Shivering stops (a dangerous sign)

• Confusion intensifies

• Heart rate and breathing slow

• Loss of consciousness may occur

Immediate action:

• Remove wet clothing and replace with dry layers.

• Insulate with jackets, hats, gloves and an emergency blanket.

• Provide warm (not hot) drinks if the person is conscious.

• Shield from wind and rain.

• Encourage gentle movement, if possible.

• If symptoms are moderate or severe, request emergency assistance immediately.

Recognising Hyperthermia

Early symptoms include:

• Excessive sweating

• Dizziness or headache

• Nausea

• Rapid breathing or pulse

• Weakness or irritability

If untreated, the body may progress to heatstroke, presenting:

• Confusion or agitation

• Cessation of sweating despite heat

• Flushed or very hot skin

• Loss of balance

• Potential loss of consciousness

Immediate action:

• Move to shade or a cooler environment.

• Remove excess clothing.

• Cool the body with water, ventilation or damp cloths.

• Provide water or electrolyte drinks in small, frequent sips.

• Avoid rapid cooling such as ice directly on the skin.

• Call emergency services if symptoms worsen or do not improve quickly.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing temperature-related issues is far easier than treating them. For hypothermia, wear moisture-wicking layers, pack a windproof shell, and avoid long static breaks in cold environments. Stay dry whenever possible. For hyperthermia, start early in the day, stay hydrated, rest in shaded areas and pace yourself during steep climbs.

Essential Gear

To reduce risk, hikers should always carry:

• Adequate layers (base, mid, and waterproof shell)

• Hat and gloves, even in summer

• Emergency blanket

• Electrolyte tablets or drinks

• Sun hat and sunscreen

• Plenty of water

• Lightweight towel or cloth for cooling

• Snacks to maintain energy levels

These items help regulate body temperature and support emergency response if needed.

Recognising and managing hypothermia and hyperthermia is a crucial skill for anyone venturing into the mountains. These conditions can develop quickly and often without obvious warning, especially in environments where weather and altitude shift rapidly. By learning the early signs, understanding effective first-response actions and carrying the right equipment, hikers can significantly reduce the risk of severe complications. Preparedness and awareness allow you to enjoy the mountains safely throughout the year, regardless of weather conditions.